![]() The most common feelings described from sad music were nostalgia, peacefulness, and wonder, and openness to experience correlated positively with all these feelings. One study looking at how personality traits affect music-induced emotion found that, of all the traits, openness to experience was the best predictor of higher emotionally intense reactions to sad and slow music. ![]() One of the facets of openness to experience is aesthetic appreciation, which is how researchers generally explain the high positive correlation between openness and liking complex music. In the study, reflective and complex genres included classical, blues, jazz, and folk music, while intense and rebellious genres included rock, alternative, and heavy metal music. In general, those rated high in openness to experience prefer music categorized as more complex and novel, such as classical, jazz, and eclecticism, as well as intense and rebellious music. Of all the traits, openness to experience has been shown to have the greatest effect upon genre preference. Main article: Big Five personality traits Openness to experience Individual personality differences can help predict the emotional intensity and valence derived from music. The personality traits have also been shown to correlate significantly with the emotional effect music has on people. In general, the plasticity traits (openness to experience and extraversion) affect music preference more than the stability traits (agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness), but each trait is still worth discussing. Others used questionnaires to determine personality traits, and then asked participants to rate musical excerpts on scales such as liking, perceived complexity, emotions felt, and more. The majority of studies attempting to find the correlation between personality and musical preferences administered questionnaires to measure both traits. Various questionnaires have been created to both measure the big five personality traits and musical preferences. However, the investigation into this relationship between the influence of personality on music preference remains ongoing despite these genre-based limitations in methodology and past discrepancies in research results. Ultimately, only two consistent associations between genres and sub-genres were found, calling into question the reliability of musical genres in research. Enjoying one genre or sub-genre within a broader genre category often failed to consistently predict ratings for related genres and sub-genres with another related genre or sub-genre. Results indicated a high degree of variance between participant genre and sub-genre preferences. For example, electronic music is considered a genre and house music is a sub-genre of electronic music. In a study conducted by Brisson and Bianchi (2021), participants were provided a musical taste inventory and asked to rate their musical genre and sub-genre preferences. One shortcoming in attempting to establish a predictive relationship between music and personality is likely a result of researchers' tendency to utilize overly homogenized musical genres, failing to account for the variance within musical genres. The vast majority of the correlation coefficients were almost zero. Openness to experience was found to have the strongest correlation with a preference for three musical styles however, this correlation was still relatively minor. A meta-analysis conducted by Schäfer and Mehlorn, (2017) of previous studies trying to determine if experience seeking or any of the Big-Five personality traits predicted musical preferences revealed that the correlation coefficient between music genre and personality traits possessed a magnitude greater than 0.1 in only 6 out of the 30 studies they reviewed. ![]() The relationship between musical preference and personality has remained a long-standing topic of contention for researchers due to the variability in results and the low-predictive power that personality has historically demonstrated on music preferences. Personality and music preference Personality
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